ANTIOXIDANT

The estimated number of astaxanthin and antioxidants is over 100². It is widely recognized and powerful antioxidant. Studies range from cellular research to human clinical trials showing its ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative stress.

Key areas of research include:

• Oxidative Stress Reduction³: Astaxanthin’s ability to neutralize free radicals and reduce oxidative damage to cells and tissues.
• Comparative Potency⁴: Studies compare astaxanthin’s antioxidant capacity to other antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, and beta-carotene.
• Cellular Protection⁵: Research on how astaxanthin protects cell membranes, lipids, and mitochondria from oxidative damage.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS

The estimated number of studies on astaxanthin and anti-inflammatory effects is between 50-70². Research examines how astaxanthin reduces inflammation by suppressing inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-6, and CRP. Studies explore its effects in chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, and metabolic syndrome.

Key areas of research include: 

• Reduction of Inflammatory Markers⁶: Studies focus on how astaxanthin inhibits inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP).
• Chronic Inflammatory Diseases⁷: Research on how astaxanthin reduces inflammation in conditions like arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome.
• Immune Modulation⁸: Studies on how astaxanthin enhances immune function while reducing chronic inflammation.

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SKIN AND HEALTHY AGING

The estimated number of studies on astaxanthin and skin and healthy aging is between 25-30². Studies focus on astaxanthin’s ability to improve skin appearance by reducing wrinkles, enhancing skin elasticity, and protecting against UV-induced damage. Both oral and topical applications are investigated for anti-aging effects.

Key areas of research include:

• UV Protection⁹: Studies examine astaxanthin’s ability to protect skin from UV-induced damage and photodamage.
• Wrinkle Reduction¹⁰: Research on astaxanthin’s effects in improving skin elasticity, reducing wrinkles, and promoting collagen production.
• Hydration and Moisturization¹¹: Studies focus on how astaxanthin enhances skin hydration and strengthens the skin barrier.

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EYE HEALTH

The estimated studies on astaxanthin and eye health is between 10-15². Research explores how astaxanthin protects retinal cells from oxidative damage, reduces eye strain, and potentially prevents age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Studies also investigate its role in alleviating digital eye fatigue.

Key areas of research include:

• Retinal Protection¹²: Studies explore how astaxanthin protects retinal cells from oxidative stress, potentially reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
• Eye Fatigue¹³: Research on how astaxanthin alleviates symptoms of eye strain, particularly in individuals who use digital screens.
• Vision Improvement¹⁴: Some studies focus on astaxanthin’s potential to enhance overall visual function.

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CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

The estimated number of studies on astaxanthin and cardivascular health is between 30-40. These studies cover a broad range of topics, including the role of phospholipids in maintaining brain cell membrane integrity, supporting cognitive function, and preventing neurodegenerative diseases.

Key areas of research:

• Lipid Profile Improvement¹⁵: Research on how astaxanthin reduces LDL cholesterol and triglycerides while increasing HDL cholesterol.
• Blood Pressure Regulation¹⁶: Studies on astaxanthin’s potential to improve vascular function and lower blood pressure.
• Atherosclerosis Prevention¹⁷: Research focuses on how astaxanthin reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in arteries, lowering the risk of plaque formation.

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BRAIN AND COGNITIVE HEALTH

The estimated number of studies on astaxanthin and brain and cognitive health is between 15 to 20². This study demonstrated that astaxanthin supplementation improved cognitive function in healthy middle-aged and elderly individuals, highlighting its potential neuroprotective benefits.

• Neuroprotection¹⁸: Research on how astaxanthin crosses the blood-brain barrier to protect neurons from oxidative stress and inflammation.
• Cognitive Enhancement¹⁹: Studies explore whether astaxanthin improves memory, focus, and overall cognitive function.
• Prevention of Neurodegenerative Diseases²⁰: Research on how astaxanthin may lower the risk of diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

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EXERCISE PERFORMANCE AND RECOVERY

The estimated number of studies on astaxanthin and exercise performance and recovery is around 10-15.² Studies investigate how astaxanthin enhances endurance, reduces exercise-induced muscle damage, and speeds up recovery post-exercise. Research also looks at how it reduces muscle fatigue and improves mitochondrial function.

• Endurance Enhancement²¹: Studies examine how astaxanthin improves endurance by reducing oxidative stress and muscle damage during exercise.
• Faster Recovery22: Research focuses on how astaxanthin speeds up muscle recovery and reduces soreness after intense physical activity.
• Fatigue Reduction²³: Studies investigate how astaxanthin helps reduce fatigue by enhancing mitochondrial function.

The astaxanthin in krill oil helps to naturally  preserve its nutrients. The amount of astaxanthin in 1 g of high quality krill oil is between 50-200 mcgs - much lower that recommended dosages. 

There is no universally established recommended dose for astaxanthin that has been officially standardized by organizations like the FDA. However, recommended doses are based on clinical research and expert consensus, with typical dosing guidelines depending on the specific health benefit and individual factors.

General Consensus on Astaxanthin Dosage:

2 to 12 mg per day is the range most commonly used in research and recommended by supplement manufacturers.

• 2–4 mg per day: Often used for general antioxidant support and skin health.
• 6–8 mg per day: Common for more targeted benefits, such as cardiovascular health, eye health, and exercise performance.
• 10–12 mg per day: Typically used in studies for reducing inflammation, improving lipid profiles, or supporting cognitive health.

The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) considers 8 mg per day as a safe upper limit for long-term use in food supplements. Japan also recognizes astaxanthin as a functional food ingredient with similar dosage recommendations (up to 12 mg per day in some cases).

While there is no one-size-fits-all recommendation, the general range of 2–12 mg per day is considered safe and effective based on current evidence. However, as with any supplement, it's recommended to start with a lower dose and consult a healthcare provider for personalized advice.

KRILL ASTAXANTHIN

The astaxanthin in standard to high quality krill oil is 50-200 mcg per 1 g.  This is much lower than the recommended dosage of astaxathin of 2-12 mg. 

To achieve the full benefits associated with astaxanthin, you may need to supplement additional amounts beyond what's naturally found in krill oil.

Before adding any dietary supplement to your routine, including krill oil, we recommend talking with your healthcare provider – especially if you have any pre-existing health conditions, take medication, or are pregnant/nursing. Dietary supplements are not meant to substitute a healthy diet and exercise. Note: Krill oil contains crustacean shellfish.